providing information

providing information, and influencing and promoting system R&D. The results have paid off for both the company and the Swedish customers. Deregulation of the energy sector has resulted in retail electricity prices dropping considerably since 1997. Consequently, utility profits decreased and utilities were forced to consider new strategies, focusing on core business and carefully choosing new product areas. As the Swedish market is mature now, heat pump market support is less crucial.
Today heat pumps in Sweden are mainly used in the process industry (160 MW thermal), for district heating (7 TWh thermal annually) and in the residential sector (6 TWh thermal annually). Around 75% of the residential heat pumps are groundcoupled. The Swedish heat pump heating market stands out in Europe on a per capita basis (40 heat pumps per 1000 inhabitants). This success is the result of several factors, but the main explanation is the concerted approach by government, manufacturers, utilities and end-users/owners. As Vattenfall puts it: Having a healthy technical economic potential is not enough; (customer) acceptance and penetration power is as important

A partnership

A partnership agreement between ASHRAE and the IIR was signed on June 3, 2002. The agreement is seen as a win-win relationship. Source: IIR Newsletter June 2002 ARI Guideline updated USA - ARI Guideline T-2002, “Specifying the Thermal Performance of Cool Storage Equipment” has been updated and can be downloaded for free from: www.ari.org T-2002 establishes the minimum information required for specifications on cool storage equipment. It applies to thermal storage equipment in systems, which may be charge and discharged with any of a variety of heat transfer fluids, and is fully factory assembled, assembled on site from factorysupplied components or field-erected in accordance with pre-established desig

Installation Standards

Installation Standards
Standards for installation of heat pumps are divided into groupings to make finding specific information easier. Below is a list of paragraphs applicable to all heat pump installations, unless stated otherwise for specific heat pumps: • General Information • Heat Pump Equipment and Installation Standards • Quality Contractor Network Member • Equipment Requirements • Equipment Installation • Duct System Design, Modification, and Installation • Duct System Insulation • Refrigerant Piping Installation • Refrigerant Piping Insulation • Condensate Piping • Air Filters • Noise Abatement and Vibration Elimination • Electrical Requirements • Indoor Thermostat • Auxiliary Electric Heaters • Outdoor Thermostat (Power Distributor Option) • Extended Warranty Programs • Performance Guarantee Following these paragraphs are additional standards applicable to specific heat pump types. Throughout the Installation Standards, references are made to industry standards. References to these standards are listed in Figure 4-5, References for Technical Standards.

Only the manufacturer's

Only the manufacturer's recommended outdoor grilles, wall/window cases, support systems, wiring kits, and other accessories shall be used in the unit's installation. 6. The joint around the unit's case and the wall or window shall be sealed weathertight with caulk, seals, or gaskets as provided by the manufacturer. 7. No holes shall be permitted in the bottom of the heat pump's case except to accommodate, when applicable, the manufacturer's approved internal condensate drain system. If utilized, condensate drain pipes shall be sized in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations; in all instances, individual runouts shall be at least as large as the heat pump drain connection. 8. All cabinets, cases, and components shall be properly aligned to avoid extraneous noise during operation.
Water Source Heat Pumps: Ground Water Source Heat Pumps (GWSHP) and Earth Coupled Heat Pumps (ECHP). All other sections of these standards are applicable unless otherwise noted.
If the refrigeration system heating capacity is less than 100 percent of the structure’s heat load at design, auxiliary electric heaters shall be used and sized in accordance with the Auxiliary Electric Heaters section. Emergency heat shall be installed and sized in accordance with the maximum sizing requirements for auxiliary heaters in the Auxiliary Electric Heaters section. 1. Ground Water Source Heat Pumps (GWSHP) − All ground water source heat pump water-to-refrigerant heat exchangers shall be made of cupro-nickel metal. − To ensure constant water temperature and quality, ground water shall be the only water source allowed for ground water source heat pumps (except when other sources of water can be proven to have a temperature and quality that can remain as constant as ground water). The installing QCN member shall be responsible for meeting all state and local drilling code requirements. Also, the QCN member is responsible for ensuring the well provides an adequate water flow for the ground water source heat pump based on the installation requirements.

Material Specifications for Insulation

Material Specifications for Insulation Support. The following materials shall be used to support insulation, as required in the installation standards and procedures: • Wire or nylon mesh • Wire or nylon lacing materials • Other materials approved by TVA prior to their installation
Installation Requirements. The QCN member shall be responsible for ensuring that all attic insulation materials installed comply with these Program Standards. • Existing Conditions—The QCN member shall be responsible for determining if the installation of additional attic or ceiling insulation will cause structural damage to the residence, such as ensuring that the ceiling will support the additional weight of the insulation. If applicable, QCN members shall notify inspectors and customers prior to installing insulation if they determine that an R-value different from that recommended should be installed. • Amount of Insulation to be Installed—If no attic insulation exists, R30 shall be installed. If there is R18 or existing insulation, R19 shall be installed. • QCN Member Responsibilities—The QCN member shall be responsible for completing all preparation work involving insulation materials already existing in the residence, such as uncovering recessed light fixtures, doorbell transformers, and other heat-dissipating devices that were covered with existing insulation, providing blocking around such devices when necessary, etc. • Improperly Installed Vapor Barriers—Vapor barriers on existing batt or blanket insulation that have been installed improperly shall be either turned over so they are placed toward the living area of the residence (warm side in winter), or made ineffective by slashing several times with a sharp knife.

Thermoplastic storm windows

 Thermoplastic storm windows larger than 16 square feet shall have permanent retaining clips or other suitable fasteners compatible with the window materials installed to prevent inadvertent removal and/or lateral movement of the storm panel in any direction, parallel or perpendicular to the glazing surface, under normal conditions. The clips or fasteners shall be disengagable to enable window cleaning, maintenance, and exit through operable prime windows.   Stacking multi-poled, polymer-based magnets is not permitted.
Floor Insulation and Ventilation
Applicability. This improvement is applicable only if none of the following conditions exist: • Presence of any effective floor insulation • Underfloor area of insufficient height for installing floor insulation • Floor is over an area that is being converted or will be converted to a conditioned space • Underfloor area is subject to moisture problems (such as flooding or drainage problems)
Material Specifications. Materials installed as floor insulation must be an acceptable material suitable for floor insulation.
When physically possible, a continuous ground cover vapor barrier should be applied to cover approximately 80 percent of the crawl space ground surface to assist in keeping crawl space humidity at a low level. This will decrease the ventilation requirements as shown below. If a ground cover vapor barrier is not feasible, additional crawl space ventilation may be needed as described in these Standards.
Six mil polyethylene or 55 lb. roll roofing shall be used.
Ventilation. The frame and screening materials used for the foundation wall vents shall be constructed of durable materials (preferably metal) and be of sufficient size and number to provide the minimum required net free area of ventilation as shown below.

Determine cooling capacity

Determine cooling capacity by using the following formula: Btuh = (h2 - h1) x 4.5 x CFM  h1 =  heat content of air from Table A-1 corresponding to supply air  wet bulb temperature.* h2 =  heat content of air from Table A-1 corresponding to return air wet bulb temperature.* 4.5 =  air properties constant CFM =  Cubic feet per minute air calculated, from funnel, temperature rise, or return air method  *    At supply air outlet and inlet indoors record wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures.  (From Table A-1, record heat content values that correspond to supply and return air wet bulb temperatures, h1 and h2, respectively)
f) Verify that system capacity is + 10% of the equipment manufacturer's rating at the test conditions.
l. Direct Exchange Ground Source Heat Pump (DXGS) Inspection Procedures Inspect DXGS and duct system(s) for adherence to Standards. The preceding inspection procedures shall apply to DXGS:
1) Verify the distances between the compressor and the ground coil and compressor to air handling blower unit as required by DXGS manufacturer.  Both vertical height and total line distance shall be within limits as specified by manufacturer.  Insure all linesets, both vapor and liquid, are insulated with rubatex, or similar insulation non-corrosive to copper. (Major)

QCN members are responsible for

QCN members are responsible for: • Determining if the dwelling or business is a good application for the installation of a heat pump, which may include the condition of the structure as well as living habits of the residents; for example, a home in obvious need of extensive structural repair would not be a good application • Determining the legal owner of the dwelling prior to applying for program financing • Ensuring that the installation of the heat pump does not alter the structural integrity of the dwelling • Informing customer, preferably in writing, of details about the heat pump installation prior to beginning work, including: − type of equipment and accessories − weatherization work required − location of heat pump units − location of registers, return air grilles, thermostats, ductwork, etc. − alterations to home − time frame for installation • Program compliance of all subcontractors and making customers aware when work will be subcontracted • Customer approval of any changes from original estimate or installation design • Installing improvements to meet minimum program requirements for the installation of a heat pump; also, the QCN member is responsible for installing weatherization improvements in conjunction with the heat pump installed under the program to meet minimum requirements. If an inspector determines that more than the minimum requirements were pre-existing, additional installed improvements will not be financed.

"Exterior"

"Exterior" sensor This is a thermistor measuring the air temperature in the entry to the outdoor coil. It controls the operation of the pump, stopping it when the outdoor temperature approaches -15°C. This prevents the compressor from operating at a high ratio, which could damage it. It allows for the switching on of the duct heater (optional) controlled by the 2nd phase of the ambient thermostat, if the exterior temperature drops below -15°C. Through the "balance point", it allows for adjustment of the temperature at which the additional electric heater has to be switched on. "Discharge" sensor This is in the discharge tube from the compressor, installed in series with the high cut-out. It protects the compressor against high operating temperatures. It protects the compressor against high operating pressures. It stops the compressor if the discharge temperature exceeds what is permitted, or if the pressure exceeds 28 kg/cm2 . It protects the compressor if there is a drop in refrigerant charge or a reduction in air flow-rate through the outdoor or indoor coils. It permits resetting the compressor circuit after a lockout