Boiler testing and calculation method

6.5 EuP LOT 1 - Boiler testing and calculation method This model is used to calculate the specific seasonal energy efficiency etas of a space heating boiler. The model contains possibilities to include several different types of space heating appliances in the efficiency calculations, such as boilers, heat pumps, electricity or solar systems. The types of heat pumps included in the model is air source and ground source heat pumps tested in either floor heating- or in radiator heating mode. The model only applies for space heating.
System limits Heat pump data is taken from tests according to EN14511, therefore the head losses from heat source fans or liquid pumps are taken into account in the heat capacity and COP data. This model also includes the heat sink liquid pump.
The model takes into account the net space heating demand, Lh, of the house. The heat demand of the house is a consequence of the choice of the load profile and the so-called system losses Lsys. The size of Lsys depends on the characteristics of the boiler and the installation characteristics. The system losses include fluctuation losses, stratification losses, distribution losses, buffer losses and timer losses, which are set as a percentage that is depending on the heat demand

Europeiska standarder

Europeiska standarder (EN 14511) för kombinerad drift med värme och tappvarmvatten. Det skall även till fullo implementera rutiner för drift med kapacitetsreglerade värmepumpar (kompressorer och pumpar/fläktar). Förslag till vad som bör ingå i ett nytt transparent gemensamt beräkningsprogram som kan användas för jämförelse och certifiering har getts. Industrigruppen menade tidigt att det viktiga i denna del är att ta fram de samband som bör implementeras i ett beräkningsprogram, men att de själva oftast skriver in-house kod som de kan implementera dessa samband i. Detta gör att förutsättningarna blir likartade, men att tillverkarna fortfarande kan ha sina specifika (ofta hemliga) indata själva.

The second equation

The second equation determines G1 , the moisture content of the air at the air handler outlet.  G2 = .011, the moisture content of the 80F and 50% RH air in the space.  The moister content is
                          G1  =.011 – 8354/ (4840x2137) = .0102 lb/lb dry air
With this value, the point 1 shown in Figure 4 can be located on the psychrometric chart.  From .0102 on the moisture scale extend a horizontal line to intersect with a vertical line at 65F. This point 1 can also be located or checked using the sensible heat ratio given by Equation 10
                       SHR = 35274/ (35274+8354) = .81
From .81 on the SHR scale draw a line through point 2 and extend it to intersect the 65F line to again define point 1.  Extending the horizontal line from this point to the 100% relative humidity curve locates point 5 shown in Figures 3 and 4.  This gives the dew point temperature of 59F.  This is the required cooling coil temperature of the air conditioning unit.
Point 4 shown in Figures 3 and 4 is the condition of the air entering the cooling coil.  This point can be found from the following equation:

Outer air

Outer air can also representa source of organic and inorganic material which enters the system if filtration is inadequate.
However,in order to disarm any possible alarmistarguments,itis worth remembering thataccording to a study carried outby Health Building International on a total of 11million square meters of ductwork,only 10%ofoccupants’complaints concerning inadequate indoor air quality were due to contamination inside ducts.
Causes of discomforton HBI Study,IAQ •Maintenance operations:76% •Inefficientfiltration:56% •Low levels of ventilation:54% •Inadequate air distribution:21% •Pollution inside the ducts:12%
Nevertheless,itis obvious thatductnetwork has to be designed with the prospectof being cleaned during its future operational life.
Initial cleaning ofducts should be done beforethe installation is made operational.During operation, in addition to suitably adapted air replenishment, it is necessary to have efficient filters and to undertakecleaning and proper maintenance of the installation.
7.2Ductcleaning
This section is based on  “Recommended BestPractices for inspection,opening,cleaning and  closing of air ducts”,edited by the North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA). The process of cleaning air ducts is divided into:
•Inspection and evaluation of the HVAC system as to whether itis necessary to clean the ducts or not,and if necessary,the measures needing implementation. •opening ducts •cleaning methods •closing of ducts after cleaning,final inspection and starting
a) Installation inspection Cleaning a duct network can be expensive and ineffective in providing a solution to problematic indoor air quality if the cause of the contamination cannotbe identified.For this reason,all potential causes ofthe problem should be fully explored before embarking on ductcleaning.

Remove weight from the pan

Remove weight from the pan. Make
sure the machine is reading zero
before weighing. Do not over load
the pan. If the problem recurs
calibrate. Possible damage to the
internal weighing cell.
OUt2 Out of Zero reading Make sure the pan is fitted correctly.
Make sure nothing is touching the
pan when turning on the unit.
Calibrate the machine. Possible
damage to the internal weighing cell.
UnSt Unstable Make sure the balance is on a flat
surface and away from vibration.
Possible damage to the internal
weighing cell.
LO or Low Battery indicator Change the batteries or use on the
power adapter.
ErrE E-Prom error Software error turn off and restart.
Contact Adam Equipment or your
dealer for further assistance.
No Power when turning on Change the batteries or use on the
power adapter.

Performance Criteria

Performance Criteria
Occupant comfort is the overall objective of the HVAC system, and air distribution is the means
of delivering conditioned air to provide comfort in the room. Comfort is very subjective and can
vary by individual activities and metabolic rates. The principal comfort criteria related to the air
distribution system are temperature mixing and uniformity, drafts that can be created by the
supply outlets, and system noise.
2.1 Temperature Mixing and Uniformity
Temperature in the room is maintained by delivering just the proper amount of air in a manner in
which this air can mix with the air that is already in the room. ACCA (2009) offers guidance for
dry-bulb temperature variances from the thermostat setting during the heating season as
measured at the thermostat to be ±2°F. Similarly the temperature during the heating season in
any room should be ±2°F of the thermostat set temperature. Room-to-room temperature
differences or floor-to-floor temperature differences should be no greater than 4°F in the heating
season. ACCA guidance for room temperature variances from the thermostat setting is ±3°F
during the cooling season.

E.9.6 Forced ventilation

E.9.6 Forced ventilation
If natural ventilation is not sufficient or required cross- sections of ducts according to Table 1.3 are to big,
forced ventilation shall be provided.
The air quantity Q shall be calculated according to E.9.3.
The air speed shall not exceed 4 m/s.
Where storage batteries are charged automatically, with automatic start of the fan at the beginning of the
charging, arrangements must be made for the ventilation to continue for at least 1 h after completion of
charging.
Wherever possible, forced ventilation exhaust fans shall be used. The fan motors must be either certified
safe type with a degree of protection IIC T1 and resistant to electrolyte or, preferably, located outside of
the endangered area.
Fans are to be of non-sparking construction according to D.6
The ventilation systems shall be independent of the ventilation systems serving other rooms.
Air ducts for forced ventilation shall be resistant to electrolyte and shall lead to the open deck.

The required minimum

The required minimum cross-sections of ventilation ducts are shown in Table 1.3.
Small air ducts and dimensions of air inlet and outlet openings shall be calculated based on an air speed
lower than 0.5 m/s.
E.9.4 Ventilated rooms with battery charging power more than 2 kW
Batteries exceeding charging power of 2 kW shall be installed in closed cabinets, containers or battery
rooms forced ventilated to open deck area. Lead batteries up to 3 kW may be ventilated by natural
means.
Battery Rooms shall be arranged according to GL Rules for Electrical Installations (I-1-3), Section 2, C.3.
E.9.5 Ventilation requirements
Ventilation inlet and outlet openings shall be so arranged to ensure that fresh air flows over the surface of
the storage battery.
The air inlet openings shall be arranged below and air outlet openings shall be arranged above.
If batteries are installed in several floors, the free distance between them shall be at least 50 mm.
Devices which obstruct the free passage of air, e.g. fire dampers and safety screens, shall not be mounted
in the ventilation inlet and outlet ducts of battery-rooms.
Air ducts for natural ventilation shall lead to the open deck directly. Openings shall be at least 0.9 m above
the cupboard/ boxes. The inclination of air ducts shall not exceed 45° from vertical.
Battery room ventilators are to be fitted with a means of closing whenever:
 The battery room does not open directly onto an exposed deck, or

K : battery capacity [Ah]

K : battery capacity [Ah]
The gassing voltage shall not be exceeded. If several battery sets would be used, the sum of charging
power has to be calculated.
The room free air volume V [m3] and the air quantity Q [m3/h] shall be calculated depending on battery size
as follows:
V 2,5 Q
I Qf n 4
 
 
n : number of battery- cells in series connection
f : 0.03 for lead batteries with solid electrolyte
0.11 for batteries with fluid electrolyte
If several battery sets would be installed in one room, the sum of air quantity shall be calculated.
Where the room volume or the ventilation is not sufficient, enclosed battery cabinets or containers with
natural ventilation into suitable rooms or areas shall be used.
The air ducts for natural ventilation shall have a cross-section A [cm3] as follows, assuming an air speed
of 0.5 m/s:

Refrigerating machinery rooms

Refrigerating machinery rooms
E.8.1 Refrigerating machinery spaces shall be provided with a suitably arranged forced ventilation
system. In case of group 1 refrigerants, at least the exhaust air is to be conveyed into the open air independently
of other space ventilation ducting. The inlet ducting shall not be connected to the ventilation
system serving the accommodation spaces.
E.8.2 In case of group 2 refrigerants, e.g. ammonia, the ventilation of refrigerating machinery spaces
shall be independent from ventilation systems of other ship spaces. The ventilation system is to be of
exhaust type.
E.8.3 Within the ship, the exhaust air ducts of fans serving refrigerating machinery spaces are to be
gastight. The exhaust air shall be conveyed in such a way as to prevent gas ingress into other ship spaces.

E.8.4 Provision shall be made for starting and stopping the fans of refrigerating machinery spaces
from outside the spaces in question. The switches are to be clearly marked.
E.8.5 The rating of forced ventilation systems is subject to the following rules:
 For refrigerating machinery spaces with group 1 refrigerants, forced ventilation shall ensure at
least 30 air changes per hour.
 For refrigerating machinery spaces in with group 2 refrigerants, e.g. ammonia, the minimum capacity
of the fan shall be determined by the formula:

Electrical machines

Electrical machines
E.6.1 If external forced ventilation for electrical machines is fitted with air ducts leading to the upper
deck, the motors driving these ventilators shall be provided with an emergency disconnecting switch outside
the engine room.
E.6.2 A failure of external forced ventilation shall cause an alarm.
E.6.3 Ventilation ducts shall comply with regulation D.5.7.
E.7 CO2 rooms
E.7.1 Cylinder rooms are to be provided with adequate ventilation.
E.7.2 Spaces where access from the open deck is not provided or which are located below the open
deck are to be fitted with mechanical exhaust ventilation of not less than 6 air changes per hour.
E.7.3 The exhaust duct is to be led to the bottom of the space.
E.7.4 Other spaces are not to be connected to this ventilation system.

Suitable arrangements

Suitable arrangements shall be made to permit the release of smoke in the event of fire (see
D.7.3.3).
E.5.10 Further requirements for control of fans and fire closures are stipulated in D.7.2 and D.7.3.3.
For application and design of fire closures see D.4.1.
E.5.11 Air ducts close to electrical switchboards must be so installed and fitted with drains, where
necessary, that condensed water cannot enter the electrical installation.
E.5.12 In case that a gas fire-extinguishing system is provided for the machinery space it is recommended,
that one of the engine room supply fans should be of reversible type and supplied from the
emergency source of power supply to enable extraction of fire extinguishing gases, should the need arise.
E.5.13 Power driven fire closures for engine rooms containing combustion engines shall not close
automatically in case of loss of energy (fail safe type) unless an uninterrupted, adequate air supply to the
engine room can be maintained. This requirement is deemed to be met if e.g. a sufficient number of fire
closures at air inlets and/or air outlets are of manual operated type. For a pneumatically operated system
for fail safe type fire closures, the air supply may be from one air receiver located outside the machinery
space with separated piping from air receiver to the fire closures. For arrangement of air receiver the GL
Rules for Machinery Installations (I-1-2), Section 11, D.6.5 are to be used analogously.

In the above formula:

In the above formula:
V = capacity of fan [m3/h]
m = charge of refrigerant in system [kg]
However, the number of air changes per hour shall not be less than 40.
Where refrigeration systems using ammonia are installed in rooms equipped with an effective sprinkler
system, the minimum required capacity of the fans indicated above may be reduced by 20 %.
E.9 Spaces containing batteries
E.9.1 General requirements
All battery-installations, except for gastight batteries, in rooms, cabinets and containers shall be constructed
and ventilated in such a way as to prevent the accumulation of ignitable gas mixtures.
Gastight NiCd-, NiMH- or Li- batteries need not be ventilated.
E.9.2 Batteries installed in switchboards with charging power up to 0.2 kW
Lead batteries with a charging power up to 0.2 kW may be installed in switchboards without separation to
switchgear and without any additional ventilation, if:
 the batteries are valve regulated (VRLA), provided with solid electrolyte
 the battery cases are not closed completely (IP 2X is suitable)
 the charger is regulated automatically by an IU- controller with a maximum continuous charging
voltage of 2.3 V/cell and rated power of the charger is limited to 0.2 kW

The positions of air

The positions of air inlets and air outlets are to be such as to prevent short-circuiting of air.
E.5.5 In general the shipboard machinery, equipment and appliances in machinery spaces are to be
designed for continuous operation at maximum engine room air temperature as required in the GL Rules
for Machinery Installations (I-1-2), Section 1, C
E.5.6 For the determination of the ventilation capacity the heat radiation of the equipment in the
space and the required combustion air are to be considered.
E.5.7 The capacity and arrangement of ventilation systems/ducts is to ensure that accumulation of
oil vapour is avoided under normal conditions.
Note
The capacity requirements mentioned in E.5.5, E.5.6 and E.5.7 are in general deemed to be met by using
the calculations as per ISO Standard 8861 in the latest version.
E.5.8 The number of ventilation inlets, ventilators and exhaust openings in funnels shall be kept to a
minimum, consistent with the needs of ventilation and the proper and safe working of the ship