ASHRAE Terminology of Heating

ASHRAE Terminology of Heating, Ventilation, Air
Conditioning, & Refrigeration, 1991).
Recommended: When the term recommended is used in
this document, it means the practice or procedure is
advised or suggested.
Regulated Hazardous Materials: This includes any
substances such as asbestos or lead that are regulated
under applicable national, state and local regulations.
Requirement: Mandatory practice for compliance with
this standard.
Restoration: To bring back to, or put back into, a former
or original state.
Seal: To make secure against leakage by a fastener,
coating, or filler.
Sealant: A fastener, coating, or filler used to seal against
air leakage.

from the heat pump

At +2°C and +7°C the heat delivered from the heat pump exceeds the required heat from the house and is therefore operated in part load. COP for part load operation is interpolated by using the equation for staged capacity units at page 26 in the standard. At +2°C the interpolation is made between full load operation and operation at 47% part load, at +7°C the interpolation is made between part load operation at 57% and 44% of the heat pump capacity.  
The heat pump is not tested at +12°C. Full load operation at +12°C is extrapolated from test data at +7°C and +2°C. 50% part load is extrapolated from 50% part load operation at +7°C and +2°C. COP for the required effect is extrapolated by using this data. Each extrapolated COP value is corrected with a degradation factor of 0.975.  
Default values are used for the degradation factor (Cd=0.1), turndown ratio heating (=25%), thermostat off mode (50W), crankcase heater mode (=10W) and off mode (=10W). The bin limit is set to -20°C.

Analysis of the results

8.6 Analysis of the results
The results from the SPF calculations of the different heat pump installations in field is compared with the results obtained from the laboratory data used in calculation models.  
Ground source heat pumps Most of the heat pumps installed in field operates both in floor heating mode and produces domestic hot water. The measurements include both kind of operations and the results are presented in Table 14and Figure 7 below. SPF for domestic hot water production is always lower compared to operation in heating mode. The energy balances is not 100% complete for the field measurement, which is quite common in field measurements, since heat losses are present, but cannot be measured directly as they can be in the laboratory.

Data for part load

 Data for part load operation is calculated from equations of “option B” at page 27 in the standard, where COPmin= 0.89*COP at power output Phpmin=0.5*Php for a fixed capacity unit.
From Lot 1 two different results are obtained, “etas” and “average COP”. Etas are calculated by involving the primary energy factor of 2.5 which makes it difficult to compare with other calculated SPF. However, “average COP” corresponds to SPF 1.  
Lot 10
Air to air heat pumps The design load of the house is chosen to 8,5kW, which is the design load that best corresponds to the size of the house in the field measurement. The house in the field is installed in a climate, similar to “colder” climate, therefore “colder” is chosen. The test

Figure 7

Figure 7 The figure show SPF results from two different SPF, “heat only” and “heat and DHW” (domestic hot water heating) at two different levels, “SPF 1” and “SPF3”, from field testing.
The conditions for measurements in a laboratory and in field differ with respect to various factors e.g. the boundary conditions. SPF1 in field measurements includes the electrical energy from the heat source brine pump, while “average COP” and “SCOPnet” only includes the head losses. This could make the electrical energy use a little larger for the field measurements, but on the other hand “average COP” and “SCOPnet” also contain head losses for the heat sink side which SPF1 does not. The electrical energy from the heat sink pump for SPF1 is included in SPF3.

primarily for collecting particulate

NFPA: National Fire Protection Association.
Negative Air Machine: A HEPA-filtered air filtration
device designed primarily for collecting particulate and
limiting particulate migration while controlling workspace
pressure differentials. These machines may or may not
be ducted outside the building envelope.
Non-adhered Substance: Any material not intended or
designed to be present in an HVAC system, and which
can be removed by contact vacuuming.
Non-porous HVAC System Surface: Any surface of the
HVAC system in contact with the air stream that cannot
be penetrated by water or air, such as sheet metal,
aluminum foil, or polymetric film used to line flexible
duct.

Preliminary Determination:

Porous HVAC System Surface: Any surface of the
HVAC system in contact with the air stream that is
capable of penetration by either water or air. Examples
include fiber glass duct liner, fiber glass duct board,
wood, and concrete.
Preliminary Determination: A conclusion drawn from the
collection, analysis and summary of information obtained
during an initial inspection and evaluation to identify
areas of moisture intrusion and actual or potential mold
growth (IICRC S520).
Pressure Drop: (1) Loss in pressure, as from one end of
a refrigerant line to the other, from friction, static, heat,
etc.; (2) Difference in pressure between two points in a
flow system, usually caused by frictional resistance to
fluid flow in a conduit, filter or other flow system (See

North American Insulation Manufacturers Association.

NAIMA: North American Insulation Manufacturers
Association.
OSHA: United States Occupational Safety and Health
Administration.
Panel: (1) Fabricated section of metal making up the
structural shell of a piece of mechanical equipment. (2)
Patch of sheet metal used for closing a service opening.
Particulate: Any non-adhered substance present in the
HVAC system that can be removed by contact
vacuuming.
Permanent: The life of the system.
Plastic Plug: Round polyethylene cap used to close 1"-3"
openings in sheet metal duct. (Note: the materials used
in the manufacture of these devices often exceed the
indices for flame spread and smoke spread as set forth
in NFPA 90A & 90B)

IAQA: Indoor Air Quality Association.

IAQA: Indoor Air Quality Association.
Indoor Environmental Professional (IEP): An individual
who is qualified by education, training and experience to
perform an assessment of the fungal ecology of
property, systems and contents at the job site, create a
sampling strategy, sample the indoor environment,
interpret laboratory data, determine Condition 1, 2 and 3
status for the purpose of establishing a scope of work
and verify the return of the fungal ecology to a Condition
1 status (See IICRC S520).
Inspection: A gathering of information for use in making
determinations and assessments.

The heating, ventilation, and air

HVAC System: The heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC) system includes any interior
surface of the facility’s air distribution system for
conditioned spaces and/or occupied zones. This
includes the entire heating, air-conditioning, and
ventilation system from the points where the air enters
the system to the points where the air is discharged from
the system. The return air grilles, return air ducts to the
air-handling unit (AHU), the interior surfaces of the AHU,
mixing box, coil compartment, condensate drain pans,
humidifiers and dehumidifiers, supply air ducts, fans, fan
housing, fan blades, air wash systems, spray
eliminators, turning vanes, filters, filter housings, reheat
coils, and supply diffusers are all considered part of the
HVAC system. The HVAC system may also include
other components such as dedicated exhaust and
ventilation components and make-up air systems

Flange:

Flange: Outer rim of an access door frame provided to
attach the frame to the duct.
HEPA: High Efficiency Particulate Air. To be called a
true HEPA filter, or certified HEPA filter the filter must
have a documented filtration efficiency of 99.97% at 0.3
micron-sized particles.
Highly Recommended: When the term highly
recommended is used in this document, it means the
practice or procedure is a component of the accepted
“standard of care” to be followed, though not mandatory
by regulatory requirement.

The heat pump

The heat pump is not tested at +12°C. Full load operation at +12°C is extrapolated from test data at +7°C and +2°C. 50% part load is extrapolated from 50% part load operation at +7°C and +2°C. COP for the required effect is extrapolated by using this data. Each extrapolated COP value is corrected with a degradation factor of 0.975.  
Default values are used for the degradation factor (Cd=0.1), turndown ratio heating (=25%), thermostat off mode (50W), crankcase heater mode (=10W) and off mode (=10W). The bin limit is set to -20°C

At +2°C and +

At +2°C and +7°C the heat delivered from the heat pump exceeds the required heat from the house and is therefore operated in part load. COP for part load operation is interpolated by using the equation for staged capacity units at page 26 in the standard. At +2°C the interpolation is made between full load operation and operation at 47% part load, at +7°C the interpolation is made between part load operation at 57% and 44% of the heat pump capacity

points for the

points for the calculation are given in a table at page 24 in LOT 10 Annex II. The heat pump is tested according to EN 14511 and CEN/TS 14825 for part load conditions.  
The heat pump is a variable capacity heat pump, but since the heat pump is not tested at exactly the required heat effect (within ±3%), the calculations of COP has to be performed in accordance with a staged capacity unit.  
At -15°C and -7°C the delivered capacity from the heat pump is lower than the house requires; capacity and COP data are taken from operation in full load at these outdoor temperatures. An exception from the standard is made, since the standard proposes a recalculation of the COP at those points. The recalculation does not seem to make sense and is therefore ignored

Data for part load

Data for part load operation is calculated from equations of “option B” at page 27 in the standard, where COPmin= 0.89*COP at power output Phpmin=0.5*Php for a fixed capacity unit.
From Lot 1 two different results are obtained, “etas” and “average COP”. Etas are calculated by involving the primary energy factor of 2.5 which makes it difficult to compare with other calculated SPF. However, “average COP” corresponds to SPF 1

The only heat

The only heat generator in use is heat pump. No back up heater is included in the calculations.
The default degradation factor, Cd= 0.15, is used. Default is also used for hpaux (=30W) and hpsb (=10W). The test conditions are taken from the reference test conditions in table V.3. in the standard. The test point used for the calculations was the 30°C/35°C point from EN 14511 laboratory data. The model recalculates the test data to fit with the test conditions of Lot 1 (table V.2.).

At -7°C the heat pump

At -7°C the heat pump operates in full load to deliver heat to the house. At +2°C and at +7°C the heat pump operates in part load. COP for part load operation is interpolated by using linear interpolation between existing test points. At +2°C the interpolation is made between full load operation and operation at 47% part load, at +7°C the interpolation is made between part load operation at 50% and 57% of the heat pump capacity. At +12°C the required heat load is so small that the heat pump is assumed to cycle on/off. The capacity of this point is calculated by using equation 11 in the standard. The COP for the bivalent point is interpolated from test points in full load operation at +2°C and -7°C

The test conditions

The test conditions for the heat pumps were taken from Table 20 in the standard, brine to water heat pump, average climate and low temperature application. The unit is assumed to be a fixed capacity unit with fixed outlet temperature. The heat pumps in the study where all tested in full load according to EN 14511. For the part load conditions the COP was calculated by using equation 12 in the standard. The test point used for the calculations was the 30°C/35°C point from EN 14511 laboratory data. The capacity and COP at Tbivalent and TOL is set to the maximum, while the COP for the delivered capacity at the different outdoor temperatures is calculated by using equations from the standard prEN14825. The default degradation factor where Cc=0.9 is used.

How Do Ductless Heat Pumps Work?

How Do Ductless Heat Pumps Work?  

A ductless heat pump transfers air using refrigerant expansion and compression, the same way your refrigerator operates. It works in the summer to cool, but more importantly, works in reverse in the winter to provide ample amounts of heat.

Ductless heat pumps have three main parts: 

1. An indoor unit that mounts on the wall or ceiling
2. An outdoor unit that typically sits on the ground
3. A remote control that operates the inside unit

The indoor and outdoor units are connected by small refrigerant lines, which are installed through a very small hole in the wall. The indoor unit then distributes the heated or cooled air into the room. The units are smaller than conventional air conditioning equipment and less intrusive. This type of system allows for easy and inexpensive installation because it eliminates the need for expensive and invasive ductwork.

Air to air heat pump

Air to air heat pumps The data for SPF calculations regarding air to air heat pumps are taken from the field measurements. There are no laboratory data available for the heat pumps tested in the field study.  
The colder climate is chosen for the calculations, since this climate is similar to the climate where the field installation is. The bivalent operation point of the heat pump is calculated by using SPA3528, which is another model for the calculation of SPF. The bivalent point is 0°C. The operation limit point is set to -20°C

ductless heat pum

 ductless heat pump, or mini-split heat pump, is a highly efficient heating and cooling system that is easily installed as a new primary heat source. They can heat and cool homes at a fraction of the cost of baseboards and wall heaters, and their superior air distribution helps make living spaces more comfortable. They are well-suited to homes with open floor plans.

Ductless heat pumps are especially effective for electrically heated homes or areas where ductwork does not exist or is not possible. They are also a good option for home remodeling, additions, and new construction.

Studies have shown ductless heat pumps can save 25-50 percent on energy bills. These are competitively priced and the systems are available from many well-known manufacturers. Their ease of installation also keeps costs low compared to other heating and cooling methods.  Systems must have Inverter technology; this is a type that utilizes a high efficiency variable speed compressor.

How do I know what size system my house needs?

 How do I know what size system my house needs?
To be sure you get a system that best suits your needs, consult with one or more
registered installers before purchasing a system.
Q: What is a Registered Installer?
A registered installer is a contractor who has registered with Efficiency Maine to
install ductless heat pumps. In order to register, the contractor must agree to follow
Efficiency Maine’s Code of Conduct, has shown proof of insurance, has completed
Energy Star Heat Pump Manufacturer installation training, and has EPA Section 608
Refrigerant Handling certification.

Are ductless heat pumps quiet? 4

Are ductless heat pumps quiet? 4
Although ductless heat pumps are remarkably quiet during operation, they do make
noises. In addition to the low-level fan sound (both indoor and outdoor units), you
may also hear “whirring”, “clicking”, “rushing fluid”, etc. These sounds can be the
result of thermal expansion, refrigerant movement, or mechanical parts. This is
normal. As you encounter these sounds, please refer to the owner’s manual for
indications. If the indications are for abnormal operation or if you become concerned,
call your contractor

How long will a ductless heat pump last?

How long will a ductless heat pump last?
With proper maintenance and care, a ductless heat pump should perform for 15-20
years. Many of the systems installed during the 1980s are still functioning well today.
If you can smell salt air where you plan to put a heat pump, they won’t last that long
due to the salt corrosion on the outdoor unit.
Q: What kind of maintenance does a ductless heat pump require?
Dust filters should be vacuumed or washed as needed and allergen cartridges
should be washed or replaced according to manufacturers’ recommendations. The
outside unit should be professionally cleaned every year or two, which costs about
the same as having a boiler or furnace cleaned

Do all heat pump

Do all heat pumps qualify for the Efficiency Maine rebate?
No, not all heat pumps qualify for a rebate. Only the most efficient ductless, mini-split
heat pumps with an HSPF rating of 10 or greater are eligible for a rebate under this
program. There is a complete list on www.efficiencymaine.com.
Q. Is there a lower electric heating rate and how do I qualify?
Yes, we offer electric space heating rate from October to April. In most cases,
applicants who have had a heat pump installed through this program will be eligible
and will be automatically enrolled.

What incentives are available for ductless heat pumps?

 What incentives are available for ductless heat pumps?
Emera Maine offers a discounted electric heat rate to customers when they install an
efficient ductless heat pump system. Efficiency Maine offers a rebate of $500 on
ductless heat pump and $300 on air to water heat pumps. For program details, visit
www.emeramaine.com.
Federal Tax Credits: A federal tax credit up to $300 is also available to taxpayers
who purchase a qualified energy-efficient, residential, ductless heat pump

incorporates

Ventilating (the V in HVAC) is the methodology of "changing" or supplanting air in any space to give high indoor air quality (i.e. to control temperature, recharge oxygen, or evacuate dampness, smells, smoke, hotness, dust, airborne microscopic organisms, and carbon dioxide). Ventilation is utilized to evacuate obnoxious scents and over the top dampness, present outside air, to keep inside building air flowing, and to counteract stagnation of the inner part air.

Ventilation incorporates both the trade of air to the outside and flow of air inside the building. It is a standout amongst the most critical components for keeping up adequate indoor air quality in structures. Routines for ventilating an incorporating may be separated with mechanical/constrained and regular types.[1]

Methods for ventilating

Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as circulation of air within the building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings. Methods for ventilating a building may be divided into mechanical/forced and natural types.[1]

Ventilating

Ventilating (the V in HVAC) is the process of "changing" or replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality (i.e. to control temperature, replenish oxygen, or remove moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, and carbon dioxide). Ventilation is used to remove unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduce outside air, to keep interior building air circulating, and to prevent stagnation of the interior air

Visual review

Visual review for cleanliness as delineated in Chapter 3 ought to be joined as a feature of the HVAC preventive upkeep timetable and ought to incorporate all segments of the framework. The obliged recurrence of examination will change relying upon building use, inhabitant burden, topographical area, and encompassing environment. As a rule, most HVAC frameworks ought to be reviewed yearly or semiannually for cleanliness.

Assets

Assets and Guidelines  Included with this sheet is the National Air Duct Cleaners Association General Specifications for the Cleaning of Commercial HVAC Systems. This particular speaks to the base prerequisites for cleaning business HVAC frameworks and can be utilized as a rule for building managers creating their own particular determination.

Deciding

Deciding HVAC System Cleanliness  HVAC framework cleanliness ought to be assessed by visual examination or an endorsed vacuum test system as laid out in fitting NADCA gauges. A HVAC inner part surface is considered noticeably clean when it is free of non-followed trash. Vacuum test routines incorporate visual surface examination of "clean" territories previously, then after the fact vacuuming and also inspecting a known surface territory to focus the net weight of garbage for every zone inspected to contrast with a worthy NADCA level